Publikationen

• An AI-Driven Card Playing Robot: An Empirical Study on Communicative Style and Embodiment with Elderly Adults. Banck, Michael; Ganal, Elisabeth; Weichert, Hanna-Finja; Puppe, Frank; Lugrin, Birgit. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2025). IFAAMAS, Detroit, Michigan, USA, 2025.
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  @inproceedings{banck2025cardrobot, address = {Detroit, Michigan, USA}, author = {Banck, Michael and Ganal, Elisabeth and Weichert, Hanna-Finja and Puppe, Frank and Lugrin, Birgit}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2025)}, keywords = {sia}, note = {10 pages}, publisher = {IFAAMAS}, title = {An AI-Driven Card Playing Robot: An Empirical Study on Communicative Style and Embodiment with Elderly Adults}, year = 2025 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 banck2025cardrobot %A Banck, Michael %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Weichert, Hanna-Finja %A Puppe, Frank %A Lugrin, Birgit %B Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2025) %C Detroit, Michigan, USA %D 2025 %I IFAAMAS %T An AI-Driven Card Playing Robot: An Empirical Study on Communicative Style and Embodiment with Elderly Adults

• Binded to the Lights - Storytelling with a Physically Embodied and a Virtual Robot using Emotionally Adapted Lights. Steinhaeusser, Sophia C; Ganal, Elisabeth; Yalcin, Murat; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Lugrin, Birgit. In 2024 33rd IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN 2024), pp. 2117–2124. IEEE, 2024.
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  @inproceedings{steinhaeusser2024lightsvr, author = {Steinhaeusser, Sophia C and Ganal, Elisabeth and Yalcin, Murat and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Lugrin, Birgit}, booktitle = {2024 33rd IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN 2024)}, keywords = {steinhaeusser}, pages = {2117-2124}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {Binded to the Lights - Storytelling with a Physically Embodied and a Virtual Robot using Emotionally Adapted Lights}, year = 2024 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 steinhaeusser2024lightsvr %A Steinhaeusser, Sophia C %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Yalcin, Murat %A Latoschik, Marc Erich %A Lugrin, Birgit %B 2024 33rd IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN 2024) %D 2024 %I IEEE %P 2117-2124 %R 10.1109/RO-MAN60168.2024.10731419 %T Binded to the Lights - Storytelling with a Physically Embodied and a Virtual Robot using Emotionally Adapted Lights
• Enhancing Trust towards the Police with Virtual Agents - Enhancing Trust towards the Police through Interaction with Virtual Agents - Investigating the Ingroup Effect with Mixed-Cultural Individuals. Lugrin, Birgit; Ganal, Elisabeth; Baumann, Maximilian; Fiolka, Anastasia; Haase, Tobias. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, of IVA ’24. ACM, 2024.
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  @inproceedings{lugrin_enhancing_2024, abstract = {Positive contact with authorities can be an important pillar for our society, as it fosters trust and confidence in the legal and governmental systems, helping maintain social order and cooperation. Hence, for instance, the police engages in public relations efforts. However, due to staff shortages, this is only possible to a limited extent. Additionally, the representation of individuals with immigrant backgrounds within the police force is low. Nevertheless, for individuals with immigrant backgrounds, the ingroup effect can be particularly beneficial in facilitating pleasant personal interactions. To investigate the potential positive effect of a pleasant interaction with the police, and the impact of cultural similarity, on the perceived trust in the police, we implemented an interactive scenario containing either a prototypical German police officer, or one with a mixed-cultural background. In a user study with individuals of the same mixed-cultural background, we measured the trust in the police before and after the interaction. In addition, we assessed the perception of the agent in terms of similarity, warmth, competence, empathy, trust towards the agent, as well as the interaction with the agent in general. Our results reveal, that through interaction with a virtual police officer, indeed the trust in the police could be increased. However, we did not find the intended effect of ingroup similarity, showing no increased trust in the mixed-cultural condition compared to the German condition. We consider these results promising in regards to effectively being able to use virtual agents as a tool to provide positive personal interactions with authorities.}, author = {Lugrin, Birgit and Ganal, Elisabeth and Baumann, Maximilian and Fiolka, Anastasia and Haase, Tobias}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents}, keywords = {mi}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {IVA '24}, title = {Enhancing Trust towards the Police with Virtual Agents - Enhancing Trust towards the Police through Interaction with Virtual Agents - Investigating the Ingroup Effect with Mixed-Cultural Individuals}, year = 2024 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 lugrin_enhancing_2024 %A Lugrin, Birgit %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Baumann, Maximilian %A Fiolka, Anastasia %A Haase, Tobias %B Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents %D 2024 %I ACM %T Enhancing Trust towards the Police with Virtual Agents - Enhancing Trust towards the Police through Interaction with Virtual Agents - Investigating the Ingroup Effect with Mixed-Cultural Individuals %X Positive contact with authorities can be an important pillar for our society, as it fosters trust and confidence in the legal and governmental systems, helping maintain social order and cooperation. Hence, for instance, the police engages in public relations efforts. However, due to staff shortages, this is only possible to a limited extent. Additionally, the representation of individuals with immigrant backgrounds within the police force is low. Nevertheless, for individuals with immigrant backgrounds, the ingroup effect can be particularly beneficial in facilitating pleasant personal interactions. To investigate the potential positive effect of a pleasant interaction with the police, and the impact of cultural similarity, on the perceived trust in the police, we implemented an interactive scenario containing either a prototypical German police officer, or one with a mixed-cultural background. In a user study with individuals of the same mixed-cultural background, we measured the trust in the police before and after the interaction. In addition, we assessed the perception of the agent in terms of similarity, warmth, competence, empathy, trust towards the agent, as well as the interaction with the agent in general. Our results reveal, that through interaction with a virtual police officer, indeed the trust in the police could be increased. However, we did not find the intended effect of ingroup similarity, showing no increased trust in the mixed-cultural condition compared to the German condition. We consider these results promising in regards to effectively being able to use virtual agents as a tool to provide positive personal interactions with authorities.
• The Applicability of Using Virtual Social Contexts as Stimuli and Training Material for Social Context Research. Ganal, Elisabeth; Fiolka, Anastasia; Christen, Anika; Lugrin, Birgit. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, of IVA ’24. ACM, 2024.
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  @inproceedings{ganal_applicability_2024, abstract = {Enabling artificial agents to be truly socially interactive and unobtrusive requires them to understand the social context of a situation. As a variety of different social context cues exist, both user studies and methods for context classification systems of agents are required to reliably categorize and recognise social contexts and respond appropriately and autonomously towards users. Compiling datasets from the real world can often be expensive, time-consuming and lack scalability. Thus, virtually simulated social contexts can be used to generate training data for context detection systems, but also stimuli material for user studies in a fast and cost-effective way. As a proof of concept, we introduce virtual social contexts and test their applicability for social context research with objective and subjective measurements. Therefore, we first implement virtual social contexts to compile our own dataset{\textbackslash}footnotemark[1]. With subjective participant ratings, we evaluate the applicability of virtual social contexts as stimuli material for user studies. For this, we replicate a previous study with recordings of real social contexts using recordings of virtual social contexts instead. For our objective measurements, we use the computer vision models of YOLOv8 on object detection and pose estimation to train a classification model on our virtual image dataset and evaluate it on an image dataset of real social contexts. The results of the subjective and objective analyses indicate, that virtually generated social contexts can be used both for training classification systems and as stimuli material in user studies.}, author = {Ganal, Elisabeth and Fiolka, Anastasia and Christen, Anika and Lugrin, Birgit}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents}, keywords = {mi}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {IVA '24}, title = {The Applicability of Using Virtual Social Contexts as Stimuli and Training Material for Social Context Research}, year = 2024 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 ganal_applicability_2024 %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Fiolka, Anastasia %A Christen, Anika %A Lugrin, Birgit %B Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents %D 2024 %I ACM %R 10.1145/3652988.3673950 %T The Applicability of Using Virtual Social Contexts as Stimuli and Training Material for Social Context Research %U https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3652988.3673950 %X Enabling artificial agents to be truly socially interactive and unobtrusive requires them to understand the social context of a situation. As a variety of different social context cues exist, both user studies and methods for context classification systems of agents are required to reliably categorize and recognise social contexts and respond appropriately and autonomously towards users. Compiling datasets from the real world can often be expensive, time-consuming and lack scalability. Thus, virtually simulated social contexts can be used to generate training data for context detection systems, but also stimuli material for user studies in a fast and cost-effective way. As a proof of concept, we introduce virtual social contexts and test their applicability for social context research with objective and subjective measurements. Therefore, we first implement virtual social contexts to compile our own dataset{\textbackslash}footnotemark[1]. With subjective participant ratings, we evaluate the applicability of virtual social contexts as stimuli material for user studies. For this, we replicate a previous study with recordings of real social contexts using recordings of virtual social contexts instead. For our objective measurements, we use the computer vision models of YOLOv8 on object detection and pose estimation to train a classification model on our virtual image dataset and evaluate it on an image dataset of real social contexts. The results of the subjective and objective analyses indicate, that virtually generated social contexts can be used both for training classification systems and as stimuli material in user studies.
• Excuse Me, May I Disturb You? The Influence of Politeness of a Social Robot on the Perception of Interruptions. Ganal, Elisabeth; Habenicht, Michelle; Lugrin, Birgit. In 33th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE, 2024.
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  @inproceedings{ganal_excuse_2024, abstract = {Social robots are finding their way into our society and must adapt to the social norms of everyday life. It is often unavoidable for robotic assistants to interrupt humans in their activities. These interruptions must therefore be designed in such a way that they have as little negative impact as possible on the ongoing activity and the perception of the robot. In this study, we investigate whether interruptions regarding health-promoting behavior delivered by a social robot in an office situation should be phrased politely rather than directly. A system was implemented to trigger either politely or directly phrased interruptions in a laboratory user study with participants executing an office task. We examined the perception of the robot, the task, and the interruption, as well as whether the health-promoting behavior was performed by the users. The results show that there were no significant differences in the perception of the robot and the interruptions, while the temporal demand of the task was perceived to be higher in the polite condition. In addition, the intention to follow the polite prompts was significantly higher, but there was no difference in the actual compliance with the prompts in the study itself.}, author = {Ganal, Elisabeth and Habenicht, Michelle and Lugrin, Birgit}, booktitle = {33th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication}, keywords = {mi}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {Excuse Me, May I Disturb You? The Influence of Politeness of a Social Robot on the Perception of Interruptions}, year = 2024 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 ganal_excuse_2024 %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Habenicht, Michelle %A Lugrin, Birgit %B 33th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication %D 2024 %I IEEE %R 10.1109/RO-MAN60168.2024.10731362 %T Excuse Me, May I Disturb You? The Influence of Politeness of a Social Robot on the Perception of Interruptions %U https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10731362 %X Social robots are finding their way into our society and must adapt to the social norms of everyday life. It is often unavoidable for robotic assistants to interrupt humans in their activities. These interruptions must therefore be designed in such a way that they have as little negative impact as possible on the ongoing activity and the perception of the robot. In this study, we investigate whether interruptions regarding health-promoting behavior delivered by a social robot in an office situation should be phrased politely rather than directly. A system was implemented to trigger either politely or directly phrased interruptions in a laboratory user study with participants executing an office task. We examined the perception of the robot, the task, and the interruption, as well as whether the health-promoting behavior was performed by the users. The results show that there were no significant differences in the perception of the robot and the interruptions, while the temporal demand of the task was perceived to be higher in the polite condition. In addition, the intention to follow the polite prompts was significantly higher, but there was no difference in the actual compliance with the prompts in the study itself.

• PePUT: A Unity Toolkit for the Social Robot Pepper. Ganal, Elisabeth; Siol, Lenny; Lugrin, Birgit. In 2023 32th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, 2023.
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  @inproceedings{ganal2023peput, author = {Ganal, Elisabeth and Siol, Lenny and Lugrin, Birgit}, booktitle = {2023 32th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN)}, keywords = {mi}, organization = {IEEE}, title = {PePUT: A Unity Toolkit for the Social Robot Pepper}, year = 2023 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 ganal2023peput %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Siol, Lenny %A Lugrin, Birgit %B 2023 32th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) %D 2023 %R 10.1109/RO-MAN57019.2023.10309447 %T PePUT: A Unity Toolkit for the Social Robot Pepper %U https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10309447
• Who Would You Rather Ask for Help? A Comparison Between Two Chatbot Personalities in Information Management. Ganal, Elisabeth; Wiederer, Fiona; Bachmann, Isabell; Lugrin, Birgit. In Human-Computer Interaction, of Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}, M. Kurosu, A. Hashizume (eds.), pp. 334–353. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 2023.
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  @inproceedings{ganal_who_2023, address = {Cham}, author = {Ganal, Elisabeth and Wiederer, Fiona and Bachmann, Isabell and Lugrin, Birgit}, booktitle = {Human-Computer Interaction}, editor = {Kurosu, Masaaki and Hashizume, Ayako}, keywords = {mi}, pages = {334–353}, publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland}, series = {Lecture {Notes} in {Computer} {Science}}, title = {Who Would You Rather Ask for Help? A Comparison Between Two Chatbot Personalities in Information Management}, year = 2023 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 ganal_who_2023 %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Wiederer, Fiona %A Bachmann, Isabell %A Lugrin, Birgit %B Human-Computer Interaction %C Cham %D 2023 %E Kurosu, Masaaki %E Hashizume, Ayako %I Springer Nature Switzerland %P 334--353 %R 10.1007/978-3-031-35602-5_24 %T Who Would You Rather Ask for Help? A Comparison Between Two Chatbot Personalities in Information Management %@ 978-3-031-35602-5
• Generating Social Contexts with Virtual Agents to Foster Interruptibility Research for Socially Interactive Agents. Ganal, Elisabeth; Lugrin, Birgit. In ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA ’23). ACM, 2023.
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  @inproceedings{ganal2023generating, author = {Ganal, Elisabeth and Lugrin, Birgit}, booktitle = {ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA ’23)}, keywords = {mi}, organization = {ACM}, title = {Generating Social Contexts with Virtual Agents to Foster Interruptibility Research for Socially Interactive Agents}, year = 2023 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 ganal2023generating %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Lugrin, Birgit %B ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA ’23) %D 2023 %R 10.1145/3570945.3607357 %T Generating Social Contexts with Virtual Agents to Foster Interruptibility Research for Socially Interactive Agents
• The NarRobot Plugin - Connecting the Social Robot Reeti to the Unity Game Engine. Steinhaeusser, Sophia C.; Siol, Lenny; Ganal, Elisabeth; Maier, Sophia; Lugrin, Birgit. In Companion of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, of HRI ’23 Companion. 2023.
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  @inproceedings{steinhaeusser2023narrobot, author = {Steinhaeusser, Sophia C. and Siol, Lenny and Ganal, Elisabeth and Maier, Sophia and Lugrin, Birgit}, booktitle = {Companion of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction}, keywords = {steinhaeusser}, series = {HRI '23 Companion}, title = {The NarRobot Plugin - Connecting the Social Robot Reeti to the Unity Game Engine}, year = 2023 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 steinhaeusser2023narrobot %A Steinhaeusser, Sophia C. %A Siol, Lenny %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Maier, Sophia %A Lugrin, Birgit %B Companion of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction %D 2023 %R 10.1145/3568294.3580044 %T The NarRobot Plugin - Connecting the Social Robot Reeti to the Unity Game Engine

• Don’t Touch This! - Investigating the Potential of Visualizing Touched Surfaces on the Consideration of Behavior Change. Ganal, E.; Heimbrock, M.; Schaper, P.; Lugrin, B. In Persuasive Technology 2022, N. Baghaei, J. Vassileva, R. Ali, K. Oyibo (eds.). Springer International Publishing, 2022.
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  @inproceedings{ganal2022touch, author = {Ganal, E. and Heimbrock, M. and Schaper, P. and Lugrin, B.}, booktitle = {Persuasive Technology 2022}, editor = {Baghaei, N. and Vassileva, J. and Ali, R. and Oyibo, K.}, keywords = {reflectedreality}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, title = {Don’t Touch This! - Investigating the Potential of Visualizing Touched Surfaces on the Consideration of Behavior Change}, year = 2022 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 ganal2022touch %A Ganal, E. %A Heimbrock, M. %A Schaper, P. %A Lugrin, B. %B Persuasive Technology 2022 %D 2022 %E Baghaei, N. %E Vassileva, J. %E Ali, R. %E Oyibo, K. %I Springer International Publishing %R 10.1007/978-3-030-98438-0_6 %T Don’t Touch This! - Investigating the Potential of Visualizing Touched Surfaces on the Consideration of Behavior Change

• Put that Away and Talk to Me - the Effects of Smartphone induced Ostracism while Interacting with an Intelligent Virtual Agent. Obremski, David; Schäfer, Alicia L.; Lange, Benjamin P.; Lugrin, Birgit; Ganal, Elisabeth; Witt, Laura; Nuñez, Tania R.; Schwarz, Sascha; Schwab, Frank. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction 2021. ACM, 2021.
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  @inproceedings{Obremski_2021, author = {Obremski, David and Schäfer, Alicia L. and Lange, Benjamin P. and Lugrin, Birgit and Ganal, Elisabeth and Witt, Laura and Nuñez, Tania R. and Schwarz, Sascha and Schwab, Frank}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction 2021}, keywords = {mi}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {Put that Away and Talk to Me - the Effects of Smartphone induced Ostracism while Interacting with an Intelligent Virtual Agent}, year = 2021 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 Obremski_2021 %A Obremski, David %A Schäfer, Alicia L. %A Lange, Benjamin P. %A Lugrin, Birgit %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Witt, Laura %A Nuñez, Tania R. %A Schwarz, Sascha %A Schwab, Frank %B Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction 2021 %D 2021 %I ACM %R 10.1145/3472307.3484669 %T Put that Away and Talk to Me - the Effects of Smartphone induced Ostracism while Interacting with an Intelligent Virtual Agent
• Off-The-Shelf Stylus: Using XR Devices for Handwriting and Sketching on Physically Aligned Virtual Surfaces. Kern, Florian; Kullmann, Peter; Ganal, Elisabeth; Korwisi, Kristof; Stingl, Rene; Niebling, Florian; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2, D. Zielasko (ed.), p. 69. 2021.
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  @article{kern2021offtheshelf, abstract = {This article introduces the Off-The-Shelf Stylus (OTSS), a framework for 2D interaction (in 3D) as well as for handwriting and sketching with digital pen, ink, and paper on physically aligned virtual surfaces in Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality (VR, AR, MR: XR for short). OTSS supports self-made XR styluses based on consumer-grade six-degrees-of-freedom XR controllers and commercially available styluses. The framework provides separate modules for three basic but vital features: 1) The stylus module provides stylus construction and calibration features. 2) The surface module provides surface calibration and visual feedback features for virtual-physical 2D surface alignment using our so-called 3ViSuAl procedure, and surface interaction features. 3) The evaluation suite provides a comprehensive test bed combining technical measurements for precision, accuracy, and latency with extensive usability evaluations including handwriting and sketching tasks based on established visuomotor, graphomotor, and handwriting research. The framework’s development is accompanied by an extensive open source reference implementation targeting the Unity game engine using an Oculus Rift S headset and Oculus Touch controllers. The development compares three low-cost and low-tech options to equip controllers with a tip and includes a web browser-based surface providing support for interacting, handwriting, and sketching. The evaluation of the reference implementation based on the OTSS framework identified an average stylus precision of 0.98 mm (SD = 0.54 mm) and an average surface accuracy of 0.60 mm (SD = 0.32 mm) in a seated VR environment. The time for displaying the stylus movement as digital ink on the web browser surface in VR was 79.40 ms on average (SD = 23.26 ms), including the physical controller’s motion-to-photon latency visualized by its virtual representation (M = 42.57 ms, SD = 15.70 ms). The usability evaluation (N = 10) revealed a low task load, high usability, and high user experience. Participants successfully reproduced given shapes and created legible handwriting, indicating that the OTSS and it’s reference implementation is ready for everyday use. We provide source code access to our implementation, including stylus and surface calibration and surface interaction features, making it easy to reuse, extend, adapt and/or replicate previous results (https://go.uniwue.de/hci-otss).}, author = {Kern, Florian and Kullmann, Peter and Ganal, Elisabeth and Korwisi, Kristof and Stingl, Rene and Niebling, Florian and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, editor = {Zielasko, Daniel}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {ganal}, pages = 69, title = {Off-The-Shelf Stylus: Using XR Devices for Handwriting and Sketching on Physically Aligned Virtual Surfaces}, volume = 2, year = 2021 }

  %0 Journal Article %1 kern2021offtheshelf %A Kern, Florian %A Kullmann, Peter %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Korwisi, Kristof %A Stingl, Rene %A Niebling, Florian %A Latoschik, Marc Erich %D 2021 %E Zielasko, Daniel %J Frontiers in Virtual Reality %P 69 %R 10.3389/frvir.2021.684498 %T Off-The-Shelf Stylus: Using XR Devices for Handwriting and Sketching on Physically Aligned Virtual Surfaces %U https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frvir.2021.684498 %V 2 %X This article introduces the Off-The-Shelf Stylus (OTSS), a framework for 2D interaction (in 3D) as well as for handwriting and sketching with digital pen, ink, and paper on physically aligned virtual surfaces in Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality (VR, AR, MR: XR for short). OTSS supports self-made XR styluses based on consumer-grade six-degrees-of-freedom XR controllers and commercially available styluses. The framework provides separate modules for three basic but vital features: 1) The stylus module provides stylus construction and calibration features. 2) The surface module provides surface calibration and visual feedback features for virtual-physical 2D surface alignment using our so-called 3ViSuAl procedure, and surface interaction features. 3) The evaluation suite provides a comprehensive test bed combining technical measurements for precision, accuracy, and latency with extensive usability evaluations including handwriting and sketching tasks based on established visuomotor, graphomotor, and handwriting research. The framework’s development is accompanied by an extensive open source reference implementation targeting the Unity game engine using an Oculus Rift S headset and Oculus Touch controllers. The development compares three low-cost and low-tech options to equip controllers with a tip and includes a web browser-based surface providing support for interacting, handwriting, and sketching. The evaluation of the reference implementation based on the OTSS framework identified an average stylus precision of 0.98 mm (SD = 0.54 mm) and an average surface accuracy of 0.60 mm (SD = 0.32 mm) in a seated VR environment. The time for displaying the stylus movement as digital ink on the web browser surface in VR was 79.40 ms on average (SD = 23.26 ms), including the physical controller’s motion-to-photon latency visualized by its virtual representation (M = 42.57 ms, SD = 15.70 ms). The usability evaluation (N = 10) revealed a low task load, high usability, and high user experience. Participants successfully reproduced given shapes and created legible handwriting, indicating that the OTSS and it’s reference implementation is ready for everyday use. We provide source code access to our implementation, including stylus and surface calibration and surface interaction features, making it easy to reuse, extend, adapt and/or replicate previous results (https://go.uniwue.de/hci-otss).
• 3D Printing an Accessory Dock for XR Controllers and its Exemplary Use as XR Stylus. Kern, Florian; Popp, Matthias; Kullmann, Peter; Ganal, Elisabeth; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 27th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, of VRST ’21, pp. 1–3. Association for Computing Machinery, Osaka, Japan, 2021.
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  @inproceedings{kern2021printing, abstract = {This article introduces the accessory dock, a 3D printed multipurpose extension for consumer-grade XR controllers that enables flexible mounting of self-made and commercial accessories. The uniform design of our concept opens new opportunities for XR systems being used for more diverse purposes, e.g., researchers and practitioners could use and compare arbitrary XR controllers within their experiments while ensuring access to buttons and battery housing. As a first example, we present a stylus tip accessory to build an XR Stylus, which can be directly used with frameworks for handwriting, sketching, and UI interaction on physically aligned virtual surfaces. For new XR controllers, we provide instructions on how to adjust the accessory dock to the controller’s form factor. A video tutorial for the construction and the source files for 3D printing are publicly available for reuse, replication, and extension (https://go.uniwue.de/hci-otss-accessory-dock).}, address = {Osaka, Japan}, author = {Kern, Florian and Popp, Matthias and Kullmann, Peter and Ganal, Elisabeth and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {27th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology}, keywords = {ganal}, pages = {1-3}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {VRST '21}, title = {3D Printing an Accessory Dock for XR Controllers and its Exemplary Use as XR Stylus}, year = 2021 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 kern2021printing %A Kern, Florian %A Popp, Matthias %A Kullmann, Peter %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Latoschik, Marc Erich %B 27th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology %C Osaka, Japan %D 2021 %I Association for Computing Machinery %P 1-3 %R 10.1145/3489849.3489949 %T 3D Printing an Accessory Dock for XR Controllers and its Exemplary Use as XR Stylus %U https://doi.org/10.1145/3489849.3489949 %X This article introduces the accessory dock, a 3D printed multipurpose extension for consumer-grade XR controllers that enables flexible mounting of self-made and commercial accessories. The uniform design of our concept opens new opportunities for XR systems being used for more diverse purposes, e.g., researchers and practitioners could use and compare arbitrary XR controllers within their experiments while ensuring access to buttons and battery housing. As a first example, we present a stylus tip accessory to build an XR Stylus, which can be directly used with frameworks for handwriting, sketching, and UI interaction on physically aligned virtual surfaces. For new XR controllers, we provide instructions on how to adjust the accessory dock to the controller’s form factor. A video tutorial for the construction and the source files for 3D printing are publicly available for reuse, replication, and extension (https://go.uniwue.de/hci-otss-accessory-dock).

• Developing a Study Design on the Effects of Different Motion Tracking Approaches on the User Embodiment in Virtual Reality. Ganal, Elisabeth; Bartl, Andrea; Westermeier, Franziska; Roth, Daniel; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Mensch und Computer 2020, C. Hansen, A. Nürnberger, B. Preim (eds.). Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V., 2020.
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  @inproceedings{https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2020-ws134-341, author = {Ganal, Elisabeth and Bartl, Andrea and Westermeier, Franziska and Roth, Daniel and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, editor = {Hansen, C. and Nürnberger, A. and Preim, B.}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2020}, keywords = {ganal}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, title = {Developing a Study Design on the Effects of Different Motion Tracking Approaches on the User Embodiment in Virtual Reality}, year = 2020 }

  %0 Conference Paper %1 https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2020-ws134-341 %A Ganal, Elisabeth %A Bartl, Andrea %A Westermeier, Franziska %A Roth, Daniel %A Latoschik, Marc Erich %D 2020 %E Hansen, C. %E Nürnberger, A. %E Preim, B. %I Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. %J Mensch und Computer 2020 %R 10.18420/MUC2020-WS134-341 %T Developing a Study Design on the Effects of Different Motion Tracking Approaches on the User Embodiment in Virtual Reality %U https://dl.gi.de/bitstream/handle/20.500.12116/33557/muc2020-ws-341.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y